The phrase, “Without God … everything is permitted” (also translated as “Without God … all things are lawful”) is uttered by Ivan in Book XI, chapter IV of Dostoevsky’s novel, The Brothers Karamazov, although what he meant by it is a matter for debate. Recently, however, Dr. Luis Oliveira has published a paper titled, “God and gratuitous evil: Between the rock and the hard place” (International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 94 (2023): 317 – 345), in which he presents a powerful argument for a mirror image of Ivan Karamazov’s blanket assertion, and in so doing, raises a new problem of evil, which he amicably discusses with Dr. Justin Mooney in the 90-minute video displayed above, which was created as a “Majesty of Reason” podcast hosted by philosopher Joe Schmid. I was impressed by the irenic tone of the dialogue between the two guests, Dr. Mooney and Dr. Oliveira.

Dr. Oliveira’s argument rests on two premises, which he calls “Reasons” and “Symmetry” (bolding is mine – VJT):

Continue reading →

I find the logic of keiths’s recent post, Is AI really intelligent?, refreshingly persuasive. I was particularly impressed by his examples showing that the AI assistant Claude (I presume he’s referring to either version 3.7 or version 4) possesses an “extended thinking” or “thinking mode” capability that allows users to view the model’s reasoning process in a dedicated “Thinking” section or window in the user interface. Keiths referred to this capability as a “thought process window.” He even cited AI thought processes showing that AIs are able to reflect on their condition and understand their own limitations. I think it’s fair to describe something which not only generates output that typically requires intelligence, but also does so as a result of a reasoning process, as intelligent.

Nevertheless, I have to say I disagree with keiths’s argument addressed to Erik: “If you want to argue that machines aren’t and never can be intelligent, then you need to explain how human machines managed to do the impossible and become intelligent themselves.” For one thing, keiths’s definition of a machine as something “made up of physical parts operating according to physical law” is far too broad: a rock would qualify as a machine, under this definition. And while human body parts can be viewed as machines, the human brain differs in many important respects from a computer.

For me, however, the question that really matters is: will AI ever be capable of AGI? That is, will AI ever be able to apply its intelligence to solve any intellectual task a human being can? Personally, I doubt it, for two reasons.
Continue reading →

Dr. Tom C. Schmidt received his PhD in Ancient Christianity from Yale University and, in Fall 2025, will be Associate Professor at Fairfield University and a Visiting Fellow at Princeton University. He has published books with Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press. Recently, Dr. Schmidt has written a groundbreaking book titled, Josephus and Jesus: New Evidence for the One Called Christ, available for free online, in which he argues convincingly that the Testimonium Flavianum in Book 18, chapter 3 of Josephus’ Antiquities of the Jews is, in fact, authentic, and that the language used in the passage is indeed that of Josephus. (The book’s Website can be found here.) However, he also contends that the passage about Jesus is mistranslated in its English version, that it is not as flattering as it seems, and that the original reflects his ambiguity about who Jesus really was. Dr. Schmidt argues that in the original version, Josephus does not say Jesus was the Christ, but that he was thought to be the Christ.

I need hardly point out that if the Testimonium Flavianum is authentic, it adds to the case for the historicity of Jesus.

Skeptical? I was, too, until I watched the video of Schmidt being interviewed by Christian pastor and apologist Gavin Ortlund (PhD, Fuller Theological Seminary), who is President of Truth Unites, Visiting Professor of Historical Theology at Phoenix Seminary, and Theologian-in-Residence at Immanuel Nashville. Let me know what you think.

Continue reading →

Joel Schectman and Aruna Viswanatha have written an eye-opening article in The Wall Street Journal, titled, The Pentagon Disinformation That Fueled America’s UFO Mythology, alleging that for the past several decades, the U.S. military has systematically “fabricated evidence of alien technology and allowed rumors to fester to cover up real secret-weapons programs.” What’s more surprising is that in order to cover up these programs and prevent the Russians from finding out about them, the military deceived (and continues to deceive) its own members, many of whom swore oaths of secrecy not to disclose details of what they believed were alien encounters, but which were in fact secret weapons tests. This campaign of disinformation has had a truly unfortunate result: “The paranoid mythology the U.S. military helped spread now has a hold over a growing number of its own senior officials who count themselves as believers.” Schectman and Viswanatha’s carefully researched account is based on “interviews with two dozen current and former U.S. officials, scientists and military contractors involved in the inquiry, as well as thousands of pages of documents, recordings, emails and text messages.” Read all about it here or here.

What do readers think?

In this video, LDS scholar Terryl Givens, a former professor of literature and religion at the University of Richmond and co-author (along with his wife Fiona Givens) of the co-author of The God Who Weeps: How Mormonism Makes Sense of Life and Crucible of Doubt: Reflections on the Quest for Faith, eloquently articulates his view that God is startlingly different from the God of classical theism. And whatever one may think of his views, he is certainly a powerful and persuasive speaker.
Continue reading →

Annaka Harris is a writer who’s best known for her book, Conscious: A Brief Guide to the Fundamental Mystery of the Mind (2019), which discusses issues such as free will, panpsychism and the hard problem of consciousness. In this interview with Alex O’Connor, she defends the idea that consciousness goes “all the way down” to the level of fundamental particles – although she takes pains to emphasize that this consciousness is pretty minimal: it’s a fleeting, evanescent consciousness without a self, memories or thoughts. She also defends the idea that the entire universe is one vast collection of conscious experiences, and she maintains that the self is an illusion. Viewers are invited to watch the interview and leave their comments on the thread. Enjoy!

My own comments are below:
Continue reading →

Recently, Michael Alter (who surely needs no introduction here) was recently interviewed by Jacob Berman on “History Valley.” The topic of the interview was Gary Habermas’s “minimal facts” case for the Resurrection. For the benefit of listeners, I should point out that Michael Alter frequently gets short of breath these days after talking for more than a paragraph, and he informs me that he now relies on a CPAP machine, which he wasn’t wearing during the interview. However, the key points he makes are as follows: (a) Habermas still hasn’t disclosed his list of scholars who endorse the “minimal facts” he uses to make his case for the Resurrection; (b) Arab scholars (who are mostly Muslims, with a very different perspective on the Resurrection from secular and Christian scholars) are conspicuously absent from Habermas’s list, which mainly focuses on English-speaking scholars; and (c) most scholars who have written books about the Resurrection of Jesus are priests, ministers, or people who teach on Christian campuses, who tend to have a vested interest in defending the Resurrection. Although I’m a Christian myself, I have to say I think the methodological criticisms Michael Alter makes are valid ones. Anyway, without further ado, here’s the interview. More posts will be following in the next few days.

From the blurb:

“Two AIs — ChatGPT, the believer in God, and DeepSeek, the atheist AI — go head-to-head on the existence of God. From the fine-tuning of the universe to the source of morality and the eternal perks of belief, who makes the stronger case? Watch as seven AI judges score each argument and reveal the ultimate winner.”

Speaking as a philosopher, I thought the arguments mounted on both sides were quite good, but there was very little that I hadn’t heard before. Speaking as an English teacher, on the other hand, I was highly impressed with the quality of the rebuttals, on both sides. Although I’m a Christian, I have to agree that DeepSeek won the argument. However, one commenter who observed the debate thought that the two sides didn’t get to the real nitty-gritty: the existence of consciousness itself as evidence for God. (This is an argument which impresses philosophy student and blogger Matthew Adelstein, as well.) Finally, it seems that debating is another skill in which AI can outperform most humans.

Thoughts?

Recently, the Youtuber Skydivephil (whose real name is Phil Halper) posted a 24-minute video critiquing Christian philosopher Michael Jones (who goes by the moniker Inspiring Philosophy) regarding the problem of animal suffering. Viewers can watch it here:

Michael Jones, Than Christopoulos and philosopher Trent Dougherty (who has written a book on the problem of animal suffering, in which he acknowledges its gravity but argues that animals will be abundantly recompensed in the afterlife and that God will also endow them with reason, and that once they are able to understand the spiritual significance of what happened to them on Earth, they will retrospectively consent to the suffering they were compelled to endure on Earth) then posted a two-hour point-by-point reply to Halper, which can be viewed below (the first hour is more than sufficient to get the overall picture of what they’re saying). I thought their reply was rather unfair on several points; hence the title of this post.

Here is my reply to Michael, Than and Trent:

Continue reading →

Physicist Sabine Hossenfelder has posted a video about a new paper on arxiv.org, titled “How to Make a Universe” by Paolo Bassani and João Magueijo, which proposes that small random changes to the “constants of nature” (perhaps one should call them parameters rather than constants) – such as the strength of gravity, the strength of the electromagnetic interaction, the masses of particles, and the speed of light – would eventually cause them to reach a settled state of equilibrium where they no longer vary, in pockets of the cosmos. The initial random changes in the constants of nature would allow energy conservation to be violated, and would therefore permit the creation of matter out of nowhere, without needing to appeal to the notion of a hypothetical “inflaton field” (for which there is no experimental evidence). It should be noted that the authors of the paper do not propose that our universe is uniquely optimal. All they are attempting to explain is why the constants of nature aren’t changing now. The authors’ proposal bears some resemblance to Lee Smolin’s hypothesis of “cosmological natural selection”, which postulates that new universes are created inside black holes. The authors make no appeal to black holes in their paper. However, they write (bolding is mine – VJT): “As in biological natural selection, some random mutations produce Universes with matter, others do not, or worse, produce negative energy/matter. One therefore needs the mutation game to be turned off and stability to establish itself to make sure any possible gains are preserved.”

Hossenfelder acknowledges that the authors of the paper still have some explaining to do: “They just assume that the constants can change somehow.” Nevertheless, when commenting on the work of one of the authors (João Magueijo), she adds: “I don’t know if he’s on the right track with this, but still it deserves being taken seriously.”

The authors summarize their conclusions as follows (bolding is mine):
Continue reading →

Christian apologist Cameron Bertuzzi is a busy beaver. On January 30, 2025, he posted a video titled, “Millions Saw This Miracle — Why Do Christians Ignore It?”, in which he discussed an alleged series of apparitions of the Virgin Mary at Zeitoun, a suburb of Cairo, Egypt, which were witnessed by hundreds of thousands of people (including Christians and non-Christians alike) in the late 1960’s. Now, less than a week later, he has put up a new video, titled, “The Best Evidence for Christianity… Isn’t in the Bible?!”, in which he argues that the evidence for Christianity based on the Marian apparitions at Zeitoun is stronger than the evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus from the New Testament, and challenging Protestants to face up to this fact:

Readers who watch the first six minutes of the video will get the gist of it. Later in the video, Bertuzzi rebuts Protestant arguments that the apparitions might have been demonic in origin.

In response to Bertuzzi’s latest video, I posted the following message:

Continue reading →

In a video which is modestly titled, “The Trinity explained PERFECTLY! – No analogies REQUIRED! [MUST WATCH]” (June 8, 2024), Christian apologist Sam Shamoun of Answering Islam attempts to explain the Christian doctrine of the Trinity in 12 minutes. Unfortunately, all his argument shows is that he holds to an anthropomorphic notion of God, and that he rejects the notion that God has one Mind. To cut a long story short: he thinks God has three minds, each with its own thoughts, volitions and emotions (including the emotions of anger and sadness), and that all of these minds are somehow identical with one and the same being (God), sharing the same existence. He further argues that just because we don’t see a being that’s more than one person in the human realm, it doesn’t follow that there can’t be a multi-personal Being in the Divine realm. Confused? So am I.

Continue reading →

In a recent 10-minute video, physicist Sabine Hossenfelder argues that we cannot rule out the possibility that the universe actually thinks, incredible as it may seem. In brief, the reasons why we cannot rule out this scenario are that (a) quantum physics is non-local, (b) even Einstein’s theory of general relativity is perfectly compatible with the existence of wormholes, which don’t respect locality and which could connect the universe with itself, and (c) additionally, Einstein’s theory of relativity does not rule out the existence of faster-than-light signals; all it rules out is the possibility of going from speeds below that of light to speeds above. Moreover, faster-than-light travel would not create causality paradoxes, as commonly believed. What all this adds up to is that the universe could be self-connected on a micro-scale, and that it could transmit signals much faster than we imagine, making it possibly able to think.

Here are some excerpts from Dr. Hossenfelder’s fascinating talk:

Continue reading →

Cameron Bertuzzi of Capturing Christianity has put up a new video titled, “Why Atheism is Silly,” in which he responds to critics of his earlier video on atheism. The new video is quite slick and not too long (less than 30 minutes), so it is well worth watching. Here it is:

Here are my own comments, posted on Bertuzzi’s blog, which I wrote in an irenic vein. In my rely, I deliberately refrained from discussing the problem of evil, despite the fact that I find Bertuzzi’s soul-building theodicy utterly unconvincing, as he went on to say that that he was willing to allow for argument’s sake that the probability of the evil we see in the world under perfect being theism (PBT) might be as low as one in a trillion. I also refrained from mentioning his careless mathematical error of equating one in a million with .0000001 instead of .000001, as it did not materially affect his argument.

Continue reading →

Hi everyone. Happy New Year! I thought I’d kick off the year with a video by a skeptic named Brandon (who goes by the moniker of Mindshift), titled, “10 New Year’s Resolutions for Christianity.” You might not agree with everything he says, but he does make a lot of valid points. Enjoy!

Feel free to share your thoughts and ask questions.

UPDATE:

Brandon has issued a follow-up video, titled, “I Challenged Christianity – Now I’m Being Challenged!” in response to a Christian who raised three objections. Readers can view it here:

Continue reading →

Christian apologist Michael Jones, who goes under the handle “Inspiring Philosophy,” has just put up a video arguing that the Gospel of Luke was written by a physician named Luke, who was a traveling companion of St. Paul, and who consulted eyewitnesses to Jesus’ life, death and resurrection before penning his Gospel. The video, which I’ve posted above, makes a very well-argued case. It may persuade some of my viewers that Luke did indeed base his account of Jesus’ life on the testimony of eyewitnesses with whom he had conversed. However, I was not so easily convinced, and after viewing the video, I posted some critical comments, which I’ve appended below. (For some strange reason, they appear to have been deleted.) I’ll let viewers decide who has the better case, but before I present mine, let me state candidly that I do not claim to be certain of my position. It is entirely possible that I am wrong. If I am, though, then I think the author of Luke’s Gospel has got a lot of explaining to do, about why he wrote his Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles the way he did. Without further ado, here’s my reply to Jones.

This is a skeptical Website, where empirical arguments in support of supernatural claims are subjected to heavy scrutiny. The subject of today’s post is Eucharistic miracles, which if true would violate the laws of chemistry. I happened to attend a Catholic Mass last Saturday evening. It was in a cathedral, but I won’t say exactly where it was, as I wish to respect the privacy of those who attended. I was sitting at the back of the church, which is where bad Catholics like myself tend to sit. At this time in the liturgical year, the Mass readings focus heavily on the Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist: that when the priest celebrating Mass says the words of consecration over the bread and wine (“This is my body … This is the chalice of my blood…” – full text here), the bread and wine, while remaining unchanged in their outward appearance and their empirical properties, are actually transformed into Jesus Christ’s body and blood, which spiritually nourishes those members of the Church who receive the Eucharist worthily, and who believe it to be the body and blood of Christ (which they confess when they say “Amen” at Holy Communion). The priest celebrating the Mass which I attended had a fervent faith in the Eucharist, and he said he wanted his parishioners to say their Amens more enthusiastically when receiving Communion, so during his sermon, he attempted to inspire faith in his audience by talking about Eucharistic miracles, of which (he said) there were 107 that had been officially certified by the Church as worthy of belief by Catholics (although I should point out that they are in no way obliged to believe in them). Naturally, the priest didn’t have time to discuss them all, so he proceeded to focus on the best-known one: the miracle of Lanciano, said to have taken place in the eighth century as a sign given to a Catholic priest-monk who was having doubts about the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.