Shifting paradigms

Are we beginning to see a major paradigm shift, steadily moving away from the prevailing physicalist, materialist.mechanistic mindset?

Integral theory is one attempt to move beyond any narrow,exclusive views of reality proclaimed by representives of science, religion, philosophy, spiritual traditions or whatever. Jennifer Gidley writes about integral thinking and the evolution of consciousness here

There are periods in human and cultural evolution when humanity passes through such fundamental transformations that our reality shifts and new patterns of thought are required to make sense of the unfolding human drama . . . The profound transformation we are now witnessing has been emerging on a global scale over millennia and has matured to a tipping point and rate of acceleration that has radically altered and will continue to alter our human condition in every aspect. We must therefore expand our perspective and call forth unprecedented narrative powers to name, diagnose, and articulate this shift… Integral philosopher Ashok Gangadean in the opening quotation encapsulates what many integral theorists have been voicing over the past decade. It is this integral research on emergent movement(s) of consciousness that I am referring to as the evolution of consciousness discourse This research points to the emergence of a new structure,stage(s) or movement of consciousness that has been referred to by various terms, most notably, post-formal integral and planetary.

Jude Currivan says that instead of big bang we have the big breath. The “outbreath” that gives rise to the physical unverse. Matter and energy are the products of information. The physical universe is in-formed as she puts it.


She discusses her views here in “Restating and reunifying reality: Our in-formed and holographic universe”.


This is part of an annual Mystics and Scientists conference promoted by The Scientific & Medical Network


The metaphor of the big bang conjures up images of a destructive explosion leading to chaos. But we should imagine the universe as a birth of order and organisation and this is more in keeping with a breathing process by which we communicate compositions of song, poetry and prose. Evolution is the creation of order out of chaos.


So are we seeing a movement to a more integrated, holistic understanding of reality where, rather than being a mere by product of a particular arrangement of matter, consciousness plays a primal, central role? The cosmos is breathed into existence, the out-breathing Word, the Logos, creates the living universe. Consciousness is the alpha and omega.

425 thoughts on “Shifting paradigms

  1. BruceS: Whatever happened to the idea of using TSZ as practice for answering the type of questions you get in first year philosophy courses that you teach?

    That hasn’t worked out as I would have hoped.

    My Semester With the Snowflakes

    I read that article and enjoyed it. But it also angered me, because here’s this reasonably intelligent and well-meaning guy who had been fed a massive amount of utter bullshit about higher education, about “kids these days”, about professors and campuses, etc. — all of it coming out of the far-right wing, and being used to turn a significant percentage of the US population against higher education as such. And while it’s great that James Hatch saw through the propaganda, there are millions who won’t — and they vote.

  2. Kantian Naturalist in reply to Alan Fox: I don’t mind CharlieM believing whatever he wishes, but the very fact of his participation here suggests a keen interest in having the rest of us recognize the validity of his beliefs.

    Speaking for myself here, I find such an immense conceptual and linguistic gulf between myself and CharlieM that discussion is almost impossible. I try to keep my interventions in these discussions to a minimum so as to minimize my own frustration.

    By exposing yourself to views that you find frustrating might be a good way of learning to control your frustrations. My beliefs and opinions would not have such an effect on your emotions if you had more control over them.

    Do you only listen to students who have a similar worldview to your own? Is it a stipulation of the classes you teach that your students are not allowed to question your teachings?

    I say thank goodness that we are all free to voice our own opinions.

  3. CharlieM: By exposing yourself to views that you find frustrating might be a good way of learning to control your frustrations. My beliefs and opinions would not have such an effect on your emotions if you had more control over them.

    The condescending tone you have adopted here is precisely why I find interaction with you so deeply unpleasant.

    Do you only listen to students who have a similar worldview to your own? Is it a stipulation of the classes you teach that your students are not allowed to question your teachings?

    I invite my students to question my views and I question theirs. But every single time I have presented criticisms of your views you have completely ignored them. So I simply don’t feel like wasting my time and energy in this discussion any more.

  4. Neil Rickert to Kantian Naturalist: CharlieM has some weird ideas.But I can still be friendly to him, without taking his ideas too seriously.

    It is harder with the J-Mac style of weird ideas.

    Thank you. But I think J-Mac should be cut some slack. We can all disagree while trying to understand the position of the other. Hopefully nobody here wants perceived heretical ideas to be censored.

  5. J-Mac: It’s probably buried in the tychonic model, which applies to gravity due to the circular motion of galaxies…

    Funny, naked eye astronomy does not seem very conducive to observing galaxies, much less determining the motion of the those galaxies. But if you say so, still that doesn’t exactly answer the question.

    http://theskepticalzone.com/wp/no-copernican-principle-no-dark-energy-needed/#comment-265293

    Not necessarily.
    Michelson–Morley experiment was killed by Einstein’s relativity. Do you know how?

    Seems more like a suicide, they never determined a difference between speed of light with the vector of motion and at the perpendicular. The experiment failed to show the proposed effect. Einstein provided a better model.

    Newton: But thought quantum mechanics was the Holy Grail.

    J-Mac :It’s not. Something is missing…

    If it has not failed, how do you know something is missing, he asked inquiringly

    newton: Then it seems like at the present time the most useful model is the present one rather than some undefined possibility.

    True but it looks less and less useful…

    That is what happened to Newton, and even now Newtonian Mechanics is still useful.

  6. dazz: The harm is that these guys can vote 🙄

    I hope you’re not saying that only those who conform to the prevailing view should be allowed a vote 🙂

    As I see it the problem lies in the fact that there is never anyone worth voting for. Left, right or anywhere in between,

  7. CharlieM: As I see it the problem lies in the fact that there is never anyone worth voting for. Left, right or anywhere in between,

    Then the question becomes which is one capable of the most harm, given the reality that government exists.

  8. dazz to Alan Fox: Just to be clear, I stand behind their right to belief that bullshit, whether it’s Steiner or J-Mac’s quantum woo, but it’s still a problem because when too many people have stupid beliefs in democracy, bad things happen. These anti-science crackpots are a threat to (mainly state funded) science

    I don’t see anyone here as being anti-science. But you seem to only want those who are in line with your beliefs to have a voice. You get to determine which ideas are acceptable and which are bullshit.

    I’m with Gary Lachman,anti-scientism not anti-science.

  9. CharlieM: I don’t see anyone here as being anti-science. But you seem to only want those who are in line with your beliefs to have a voice. You get to determine which ideas are acceptable and which are bullshit.

    I’m with Gary Lachman,anti-scientism not anti-science.

    No, that’s not what I want and I have no idea how you came to that conclusion. Well, I sort of do. You like to think of yourself as a groundbreaking thinker in possession of this gnostic truth that people like me are fighting hard to suppress. Just your garden variety crackpot with a Galileo’s syndrome really

  10. J-Mac, like phoodoo et al is happy to tell you what you are thinking despite correction and continually spout obvious lies that they refuse to address even after evidence is presented. Nothing anybody says will ever reach them, that is not their goal.

    The best that can be done is to counter their lies to show everyone else (lurkers) how they operate. They do not need any slack cutting they need to be held accountable and their lies pointed out.

    CharlieM: You get to determine which ideas are acceptable and which are bullshit.

    Reality does that. And in any case what ‘ideas’ are you talking about? The only ideas I see coming from the people you want to ‘cut some slack’ for are basically ‘you are wrong’. They have no idea what is right, they just know that you are an atheist and therefore what you think is by definition incorrect. All they want is to show you are wrong, they have no interest in what is right.

    Phoodoo has admitted that the supernatural by definition cannot be understood by us. And yet it’s the ‘solution’ he offers continually that should replace actual science. If you want to go live in a cave with phoodoo, Charlie, be my guest.

  11. Neil Rickert: I try. But it would be easier if he could get over his obsession with quantum woo.

    That he does not even understand or come close to understanding. When this is pointed out in one OP he just starts another and ignores points raised previously. But let’s cut him some slack eh?

  12. CharlieM: As I see it the problem lies in the fact that there is never anyone worth voting for. Left, right or anywhere in between,

    So go be a politician and be the change you want to see. Or continually whine. Up to you.

  13. CharlieM: You get to determine which ideas are acceptable and which are bullshit.

    Yes, that is the issue. What is critical thinking? How should one decide what set of conflicting ideas to accept?

    I tried to give you my standards for (1) accepting what counts as scientific inquiry and then (2) how to approach which set ideas to accept or at least give a higher credence to.
    In summary, for scientific inquiry:
    – allow for human limitations by looking for a community of inquirers trying self-critically to operate under the Merton norms, which to me are common sense ways to account for human cognitive limitations
    – [ETA] for scientific inquiry, understand how empirical work has been incorporated into the inquiry
    – look for evidence that the ideas resulting from that community of inquirers are successfully meeting the scientific goals of explanation, prediction, control

    My question to KN about teaching was of course partly in jest, but it did have a serious part. Namely: talking about critical thinking in a domain of inquiry: Why should we not that all viewpoints are equally valid? What should the standards be to prefer some viewpoints over others in that domain of inquiry?

  14. CharlieM: Do you only listen to students who have a similar worldview to your own? Is it a stipulation of the classes you teach that your students are not allowed to question your teachings?

    You talk as if J-Mac is raising legitimate points. You talk as if someone who wanders in from the street to a lecture regarding quantum physics and starts shouting how it’s all wrong should be listened to with respect and their worldview properly considered.

    All those things have to be earnt. The internet and blogs like this may seem to bypass all that, but in reality this is nothing, mere sport, while real research and learning continues to happen in those lecture halls.

    It’s basically the mistake that has been made with the climate change deniers. Give them a platform and their argument now is equal to the actual science despite not being scientific at all. Because there are scientists here arguing with that man off the street you seem to have mistaken that for the student/teacher relationship. But that student had to pass exams, had to pay money, had to show some ability. All J-Mac had to do is register. And yet you dare spout shit like wondering if students are not allowed to question KN’s teaching?

    I suspect if you’d spend some time getting a degree in a relevant field you’d have a bit more respect for earning the right to question teachings in an informed manner rather than an ignorant screed.

    And what student would write a paper (OP) and then simply ignore all feedback and questions and write another and then, most amazingly of all, cite a previous paper in support of his newer ones even when that previous paper has outstanding issues? And this is someone you want to cut more slack? Should everything he says remain unchallenged then? Or what do you imagine more slack actually entails?

    Your drawing of this false equivalence just illustrates the depth of your lack of understanding of what it means to actually question a scientific claim scientifically. If you think what J-Mac has been doing is equivalent to a student challenging a teacher you are very deluded indeed.

  15. Kantian Naturalist: The condescending tone you have adopted here is precisely why I find interaction with you so deeply unpleasant.

    I apologise for being so blunt.

    I invite my students to question my views and I question theirs. But every single time I have presented criticisms of your views you have completely ignored them. So I simply don’t feel like wasting my time and energy in this discussion any more.

    I will need to go back and re-read our exchanges as I don’t remember ignoring your criticisms. I try to understand what people write to me and about me here and to reply when I think an answer is needed. I’m sorry my comments might have driven you away. I was merely trying to stir things up a bit at your expense (not a very smart move).

    I don’t thing that your time is being wasted. Your conversations with BruceS usually provide good food for thought for the rest of us who might want to look in from the outside without always butting in. Please don’t let me stop you participating in this thread. You can ignore me and still have fruitful discussions with others here if you are inclined to do so.

  16. newton: Then the question becomes which is one capable of the most harm, given the reality that government exists.

    Yes and that is why I still use my vote even if I have little faith in whoever I am voting for. Usually the one I deem to be the best of a bad bunch 🙁

  17. newton:

    CharlieM: Thank you. But I think J-Mac should be cut some slack.

    Why? Isn’t that a request for others to be less than honest?

    I don’t mean his ideas, I mean his person. But then again, it’s only a certain few that engage in that sort of behaviour and I wouldn’t say you are among them.

    Criticising the ideas of others is what this place is all about and I’m all for that.

  18. CharlieM: Yes and that is why I still use my vote even if I have little faith in whoever I am voting for. Usually the one I deem to be the best of a bad bunch 🙁

    Good strategy.

  19. CharlieM: Why? Isn’t that a request for others to be less than honest?

    I don’t mean his ideas, I mean his person. But then again, it’s only a certain few that engage in that sort of behaviour and I wouldn’t say you are among them.

    Criticising the ideas of others is what this place is all about and I’m all for that.

    Thanks for the clarification.

  20. dazz:

    CharlieM: I don’t see anyone here as being anti-science. But you seem to only want those who are in line with your beliefs to have a voice. You get to determine which ideas are acceptable and which are bullshit.

    I’m with Gary Lachman, anti-scientism not anti-science.

    No, that’s not what I want and I have no idea how you came to that conclusion. Well, I sort of do. You like to think of yourself as a groundbreaking thinker in possession of this gnostic truth that people like me are fighting hard to suppress. Just your garden variety crackpot with a Galileo’s syndrome really

    I post so many quotes from and links to people who I would say are groundbreaking thinkers precisely because I believe they have the intelligence and clarity to be able to express things. Personally I find difficult to put these things into words and so I let them do the talking. I’m sorry to disappoint you but I see the groundbreaking thoughts coming from others, not me.

  21. CharlieM: I don’t mean his ideas, I mean his person.

    J-Mac puts up an OP, makes a number of absurd claims and then usually vanishes.

    Given it is not possible to critique his ideas as he does not respond to such critiques and therefore learns nothing, it is legitimate then to cast aspersions on his character. What sort of person acts like that? Why is he doing this? Why does he refuse to learn? Exactly how stupid is he? What other recourse is there? J-Mac has already been responsible, imo, for a substantial decline in the quality of the OPs on average. If you want to encourage him to turn this site into a trash fire where every random thought he has about “the quantum” is posted as an OP and then ignored, go the fuck ahead and do it.

  22. CharlieM: I post so many quotes from and links to people who I would say are groundbreaking thinkers precisely because I believe they have the intelligence and clarity to be able to express things.

    Yet to me, much of what you post seems either shallow or superficial or wrong.

  23. newton: Funny, naked eye astronomy does not seem very conducive to observing galaxies, much less determining the motion of the those galaxies. But if you say so, still that doesn’t exactly answer the question.

    There are more than few problems with Einstein’s theory its predictions:

    Why only the Sun in 1919 eclipses experiment conformed to Einstein’s theory and many other stars, over 12, didn’t? Shouldn’t relativity apply everywhere equally?

    Why the bending of light only happens near the surface of the sun and not further away, as relativity predicts? And so on and so forth… Why are there still so many unanswered questions if relativity works so well?

    If we were to apply tychonic model of the universe, and used Paul Gerber’s theory of gravity, what would the same experiments show? Would they be more accurate than Einstein’s?
    The scientific community doesn’t even want to consider such probability but we only get hints from well-respected physicists and cosmologist, like Weinberg or Ellis, that many other models could work just as well, or better with a different reference frame…

  24. newton: f it has not failed, how do you know something is missing, he asked inquiringly

    The wave-particle duality explanation is not satisfying to many…
    If the new spacetime theory is produced to explain instantaneous quantum entanglement, then it could be easier… 😉

  25. Quantum woo, and Einstein’s spooky action at the distance, show the same kind of skepticism.
    Even though Einstein was wrong about the “spooky action at the distance” some, even at TSZ, still think he wasn’t, because they can’t accept that relativity could have been wrong about quantum entanglement…

    But as someone once said:
    “The crying need remains what it has been for the past two decades, that of marrying together general relativity and quantum mechanics. As things are, they are like chalk and cheese. It will be a great surprise if general relativity survives that marriage unchanged.”

    Newtonian mechanics has experience the same fate relativity is already experiencing… It’s just a matter of time, one funeral at the time… unfortunately…

  26. OMagain:

    CharlieM: You get to determine which ideas are acceptable and which are bullshit.

    Reality does that.

    A yet everyone is arguing about what we mean by reality.

    And in any case what ‘ideas’ are you talking about? The only ideas I see coming from the people you want to ‘cut some slack’ for are basically ‘you are wrong’. They have no idea what is right, they just know that you are an atheist and therefore what you think is by definition incorrect. All they want is to show you are wrong, they have no interest in what is right.

    What ‘ideas’? Ideas such as the existence of higher realities. IMO the only other realities that are allowed to exist are in parallel universes which are out of our reach and having no effect on our little (relatively speaking) bubble. They are not supernatural, they are other natural.

    If, as I believe, we have been given the task of reaching these higher realities in freedom then, even if we are not alone, we must be allowed to believe that we are on our own. Atheism is the logical conclusion we draw from this feeling of being alone and insignificant. We have progressed from a feeling of being abandoned by the Divine to a feeling that there is no Divine.

    Phoodoo has admitted that the supernatural by definition cannot be understood by us. And yet it’s the ‘solution’ he offers continually that should replace actual science. If you want to go live in a cave with phoodoo, Charlie, be my guest.

    Does Phoodoo want to replace science? I’ll let him answer that for himself.

    As for myself, natural science by its definition should not concern itself with the supernatural. But this does not mean that it should leave out the supersensible.

  27. OMagain:

    CharlieM: As I see it the problem lies in the fact that there is never anyone worth voting for. Left, right or anywhere in between,

    So go be a politician and be the change you want to see. Or continually whine. Up to you.

    I’d make a terrible politician so I suppose I’ll just have to carry on whining and ranting 🙂

  28. CharlieM: A yet everyone is arguing about what we mean by reality.

    There are those who argue and those who do. I know what I mean by reality. I have an idea of what you mean by reality.

    J-Mac: Quantum woo, and Einstein’s spooky action at the distance, show the same kind of skepticism.
    Even though Einstein was wrong about the “spooky action at the distance” some, even at TSZ, still think he wasn’t, because they can’t accept that relativity could have been wrong about quantum entanglement…

    And there are those that are just inchoate.

  29. CharlieM: I’d make a terrible politician so I suppose I’ll just have to carry on whining and ranting

    I’m just saying that by proposing that we “cut J-Mac some slack” you are contributing to the ills of the world, not helping.

    Prior to the internet their audience was limited to as far as their voice could carry on the street corner. Let’s not pretend to any non-commenters that are lurking that J-Mac actually has something to say that is worth listening to. You simply demean those who do by doing that.

    Even phoodoo, once in a blue moon, makes a decent comment and/or responds specifically to a point.

    J-Mac never has.

  30. CharlieM: Does Phoodoo want to replace science? I’ll let him answer that for himself.

    He has said so many times. You’ve just not been paying attention, not that I blame you in his case.

    phoodoo: As far as I am concerned, Darwinism only exists as the last holdout against a supernatural explanation.

    phoodoo: It’s as if a bunch of materialists at some conference got into a room and said ‘shit , we don’t know how to explain any of this complicated stuff we see in the world what are we going to do? We have to keep people from considering the supernatural.

    And despite that, he also admits that the supernatrual cannot actually be investigated

    phoodoo: Omagain continues to whine about why he can’t touch the supernatural.

    Its too painful for him to bear.

    So he complains that the supernatrual is not considered as an explanation but also notes that it cannot be investigated any further. It’s a science stopper but he will never admit that. Peruse those threads. Decide for yourself.

  31. J-Mac: Why are there still so many unanswered questions if relativity works so well?

    We don’t know everything therefore we know nothing.

  32. CharlieM: But I think J-Mac should be cut some slack

    Thank you, Charlie! But, even if all my comments were 100% scientifically verifiable, the great majority here wouldn’t like it. Why? Because they prefer the magical-natural selection over a magical man in the sky…Any time something threatens their worldview, even if it is experimental evidence, they lash out, because they hate the truth. They think they created “a world of truth”, as they see it, which is just an ensemble of fables…

  33. J-Mac,

    It sort of reminds how, if you read Wikipedia they try to claim the The Hafele–Keating experiment to test relativity were successful. What a bunch of bullshit.

    Totally bogus, fabricated results, and yet all the skeptics here still think those are real.

    Laughable. Wikipedia is a joke.

  34. phoodoo:
    J-Mac,

    It sort of reminds how, if you read Wikipedia they try to claim the The Hafele–Keating experiment to test relativity were successful.What a bunch of bullshit.

    Totally bogus, fabricated results, and yet all the skeptics here still think those are real.

    Laughable.Wikipedia is a joke.

    I still can’t figure it out how this was cooked…

    I guess Steven Weinberg explained it best:

  35. BruceS: Yes, that is the issue.What is critical thinking? How should one decide what set of conflicting ideas to accept?

    I tried to give you my standards for (1) accepting what countsas scientific inquiry and then (2) how to approach which setideas to accept or at least give a higher credence to.
    In summary, for scientific inquiry:
    – allow for human limitations by looking for a community of inquirers trying self-critically to operate under the Merton norms, which to me are common sense ways to account for human cognitive limitations
    – [ETA] for scientific inquiry, understand how empirical work has been incorporated into the inquiry
    – look for evidence that the ideas resulting from that community of inquirers are successfully meeting the scientific goals of explanation, prediction, control

    My question to KN about teaching was of course partly in jest, but it did have a serious part.Namely:talking about critical thinking in a domain of inquiry:Why should we not that all viewpoints are equally valid?What should the standards be to prefer some viewpoints over others in that domain of inquiry?

    I did take a quick look at Merton norms after you brought the subject up. But the discussion tends to drag us along and it’s sometimes hard to keep up and to give everything the attention it deserves at the same time.

    I believe that Steiner’s idea of knowledge gained through thinking in his early philosophical books conform to what the four Merton norms of science should be.

    This science should be communal and not private, universally valid, not done for self gain and it should be open to scrutiny.

    Steiner saw epistemology as the primary science that needs to be figured out if any further scientific endeavour is to have a solid foundation and he made this argument in the book linked to below.

    Steiner from the book, Goethean Science

    With this we have set up a truly immanent world view in contrast to the transcendental one of Locke, Kant, the later Schelling, Schopenhauer, Volkelt, the Neo-Kantians, and modern natural scientists.
    They seek the ground of the world in something foreign to consciousness, in the beyond; immanent philosophy seeks it in what comes into appearance for reason. The transcendental world view regards conceptual knowledge as a picture of the world; the immanent world view regards it as the world’s highest form of manifestation. The first view can therefore provide only a formal epistemology that bases itself upon the question: What is the relationship between thinking and real being? The second view places at the forefront of its epistemology the question: What is knowing? The first takes its start from the preconception that there is an essential difference between thinking and real being; the second begins, without preconceptions, with what alone is certain — thinking — and knows that, other than thinking, it can find no real being.

    This book can be read alongside the original German version ,a href=”https://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA001/”>here

    Being tasked with the job of editing Goethe’s scientific writings Steiner was in an ideal position formulate a cohesive Goethean science. Something which Goethe himself never did.

  36. CharlieM: Steiner saw epistemology as the primary science that needs to be figured out if any further scientific endeavour is to have a solid foundation and he made this argument in the book linked to below.

    That’s a good reason to be skeptical of Steiner (in my opinion).

  37. Neil Rickert:

    CharlieM: Steiner saw epistemology as the primary science that needs to be figured out if any further scientific endeavour is to have a solid foundation and he made this argument in the book linked to below.

    That’s a good reason to be skeptical of Steiner (in my opinion).

    There is plenty of evidence that Steiner existed so your scepticism is unfounded 🙂

    If you were to argue about your scepticism of any part of the book I linked to, then I might be able to engage with it. Otherwise I can make nothing of your vague scepticism.

  38. CharlieM quoting Steiner: the second begins, without preconceptions, with what alone is certain — thinking — and knows that, other than thinking, it can find no real being.

    Doesn’t get much more solipsistic than that.

  39. Science continues to flourish because digital watches, figuratively speaking.

    Science has become so entangled in everything necessary for civilization that every other mode of knowing and thinking assumes the mantle.

    The general modes of research and demonstration are nearing the status of arithmetic and logic.

  40. dazz:

    CharlieM quoting Steiner: the second begins, without preconceptions, with what alone is certain — thinking — and knows that, other than thinking, it can find no real being.

    Doesn’t get much more solipsistic than that.

    And if we are able to find “real being” how else can we achieve this other than by means of thinking?

    Steiner doesn’t start from a position of “I think”, he starts from, “there is thinking” and proceeds from there. In order to make the claim “I think” or “a nervous system thinks” or “my brain thinks” means that the activity of thinking has already been used.

  41. petrushka:
    Science continues to flourish because digital watches, figuratively speaking.

    Science has become so entangled in everything necessary for civilization that everyother mode of knowing and thinking assumes the mantle.

    The general modes of research and demonstration are nearing the status of arithmetic and logic.

    Do you see that as a good thing or a bad thing?

  42. CharlieM: Steiner saw epistemology as the primary science that needs

    For me to consider inquiry to be scientific, it also has to include empirical work as parting of meeting the goals of prediction, explanation, control.

    It also has to be successful. Success means active research communities with young people joining. It means success in prediction (or retrodiction). Success means that scientists in related domains respect the work. And, at least for the economies of that last 200 years or so, it means governments and private companies invest in both R&D in and in buying technology based on the science.

    Not all of these apply all the time, but I look for most of them. (I’ve omitted discussing the nature of scientific theories: I’ll just note that omission).

    I don’t agree that philosophy or epistemology in particular provides a foundation for science. There is no first philosophy — science is what successful scientific communities do. It does not need philosophers or anyone else to set standards for doing science. Scientific communities set their standards.

    Quine was eloquent on that point, and most contemporary philosophers of science agree with him. Here’s a nice look at Quine, centering on his ideas of “starting from the middle”.

    Quine: Beginning in the middle of things

    That’s all I have to say on this topic of the nature of science and its relation to other domains of inquiry.

    Have a great New Year.

  43. Steiner

    It cannot hinder me from dividing one and the same objective unity into thought-configurations that are different from those of a fellow human being; this does not hinder my reason, in its connecting activity, from attaining the same objective unity again from which we both, in fact, have taken our start…

    This makes it explainable to us how people can have such different concepts, such different views of reality, in spite of the fact that reality can, after all, only be one. The difference lies in the difference between our intellectual worlds. This sheds light for us upon the development of the different scientific standpoints. We understand where the many philosophical standpoints originate, and do not need to bestow the palm of truth exclusively upon one of them. We also know which standpoint we ourselves have to take with respect to the multiplicity of human views. We will not ask exclusively: What is true, what is false? We will always investigate how the intellectual world of a thinker goes forth from the world harmony; we will seek to understand and not to judge negatively and regard at once as error that which does not correspond with our own view. Another source of differentiation between our scientific standpoints is added to this one through the fact that every individual person has a different field of experience. Each person is indeed confronted, as it were, by one section of the whole of reality. His intellect works upon this and is his mediator on the way to the idea. But even though we all do therefore perceive the same idea, still we always do this from different places. Therefore, only the end result to which we come can be the same; our paths, however, can be different. It absolutely does not matter at all whether the individual judgments and concepts of which our knowing consists correspond to each other or not; the only thing that matters is that they ultimately lead us to the point that we are swimming in the main channel of the idea. And all human beings must ultimately meet each other in this channel if energetic thinking leads them out of and beyond their own particular standpoints

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