Ubiquitin: a challenge for evolutionary theory?

Glancing at Uncommon Descent (I still do as Denyse O’Leary often reports on interesting science articles, as here*, and the odd comment thread can still provide entertainment), I see an OP authored by gpuccio (an Italian medical doctor) entitled The Ubiquitin System: Functional Complexity and Semiosis joined together, telling the story of the ubiquitin protein and its central role in eukaryote biochemistry in some considerable detail. The subtext is that ubiquitin’s role is so widespread and diverse and conserved across all (so far known) eukaryotes, that it defies an evolutionary explanation. This appears to be yet another god-of-the-gaps argument. Who can explain ubiquitin? Take that, evolutionists! I’m not familiar with the ubiquitin system and thank gpuccio for his article (though I did note some similarities to the Wikipedia entry.

In the discussion that follows, gpuccio and others note the lack of response from ID skeptics. Gpuccio remarks:

OK, our interlocutors, as usual, are nowhere to be seen, but at least I have some true friends!

and later:

And contributions from the other side? OK, let’s me count them… Zero?

Well, I can think of a few reasons why the comment thread lacks representatives from “the other side” (presumably those who are in general agreement with mainstream evolutionary biology). 

  1. In a sense, there’s little in gpuccio’s opening post to argue over. It’s a description of a biochemical system first elucidated in the late seventies and into the early eighties. The pioneering work was done by Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose (later to win the Nobel prize for chemistry, credited with “the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation”, all mainstream scientists.
  2. Gpuccio hints at the complexity of the system and the “semiotic” aspects. It seems like another god-of-the-gaps argument. Wow, look at the complexity! How could this possibly have evolved! Therefore ID!  What might get the attention of science is some theory or hypothesis that could be an alternative, testable explanation for the ubiquitin system. That is not to be found in gpuccio’s OP or subsequent comments.
  3. Uncommon Descent has an unenviable history on treatment of ID skeptics and their comments. Those who are still able to comment at UD risk the hard work involved in preparing a substantive comment being wasted as comments may never appear or are subsequently deleted and accounts arbitrarily closed.

I’m sure others can add to the list. So I’d like to suggest to gpuccio that he should bring his ideas here if he would like them challenged. If he likes, he can repost his article as an OP here. I guarantee that he (and any other UD regulars who’d like to join in) will be able to  participate here without fear of material being deleted or comment privileges being arbitrarily suspended.

Come on, gpuccio. What have you got to lose?

906 thoughts on “Ubiquitin: a challenge for evolutionary theory?

  1. Cute subtext:

    The sudden appearance and inerrant conservation of Ubiquitin indicates ID is operative

    That prompted some google-whacking on my part, whereupon I stumbled upon:

    https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2006-7-7-r60

    Quote:

    Several of these [prokaryotic] Ub-like proteins and the associated protein families are likely to function together in signaling systems just as in eukaryotes.

    Another quote from elsewhere:

    “The great tragedy of [creation] science – the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact.” – Thomas Huxley

    In any case, evolution has not been dethroned by the paradigm of Uniquitin, if this paper bears on topic

    http://www.pnas.org/content/97/20/10866

    Joe Harshman or Joe Felsenstein will need to comment, at this point I am in over my head

  2. My temptation to post at UD vanishes as soon as I see that shit saying that I have to subscribe to their site in order to comment.
    Not worth it.

    P.S. there’s also the nastiness displayed by the likes of kairosfocus, combined with their taking offence at any insinuation that they might be a tad wrong.

  3. John Harshman: ?

    Hi John

    My sincerest apologies

    My only excuse: I was tapping on an iPhone with sore thumbs

    Still would like your take on the PNAS paper

    Best regards

  4. Same old bullshit. And he wonders why no one cares to address the emptienth Paley’s watch rehash.

    I love these little gems:

    gpuccio:
    It is an argument for extremely strong design inference, according to the principles of ID theory.

    I cannot certainly restate here all the basics of ID theory

    Of course, you could at least acknowledge that the concept of God has absolutely no role in my scientific reasonings about biological ID

  5. I’ll wait for the design explanation for ubiquitin before I get excited about discussing it.

    You know, the evidence for an intelligence capable of making ubiquitin, the evidence that it actually did, and the meaningful design explanation for why ubiquitins appear to present the patterns of evolution that we see in other biomolecules (and not some meaningless bleat of “directed evolution,” either).

    So far it’s the wholly unscientific, ooh, it’s so complex, evolution couldn’t do it so Designer must have, with absolutely no evidence for the latter claim. It’s pathetic that they whine that the other side doesn’t jump to discuss the same empty claims that the IDists have always made.

    What we want is some actual evidence for design, and not the fallacy of the false dilemma that lies at the root of ID.

    Glen Davidson

  6. …but…. but… but… 155 bits of functional information!!11!1!11!

    y u see no design?

  7. Hi gpuccio,

    Come here to TSZ where you can be insulted and slandered you gutless wonder!

  8. From the OP:

    Gpuccio hints at the complexity of the system and the “semiotic” aspects. It seems like another god-of-the-gaps argument. Wow, look at the complexity! How could this possibly have evolved! Therefore ID!

    That’s not his argument. No wonder he doesn’t post here.

  9. Alan

    Gpuccio hints at the complexity of the system and the “semiotic” aspects. It seems like another god-of-the-gaps argument. Wow, look at the complexity! How could this possibly have evolved! Therefore ID! What might get the attention of science is some theory or hypothesis that could be an alternative, testable explanation for the ubiquitin system. That is not to be found in gpuccio’s OP or subsequent comments.

    The ubiquitin system is a candidate for Behe’s irreducibly complexity argument. Eukaryotic multicellular organisms require variation in cell division rates through the life cycle. This system helps control cell division.

  10. lantog1:
    Will gpuccio be posting over here?

    He says not.

    I have done that in the past. And I have also made long parallel discussions with your site.

    I have said many times that debating at UD is already almost beyond my time and resources. That’s why I cannot work on two sites.

    UD is my natural place, because here are those who share my ideas. So, I will go on posting here.

    Welcome to TSZ, lantog.

  11. Mung:
    From the OP:

    That’s not his argument.

    So what is his argument, in your view?

    No wonder he doesn’t post here

    Why? Because he’ll come up against some criticism of ID? As a participant here, he can comment freely within the not-very-onerous rules and rule-breaking comments directed at him will move to guano.

    But my invitation was consequent upon his complaint at not hearing from ID critics. I was pointing out that UD has banned a considerable number and arbitrarily deleted comments, actions which hardly encourage others who are not banned to comment there. Here, at least we try to provide a level playing field.

  12. colewd: The ubiquitin system is a candidate for Behe’s irreducibly complexity argument.

    Yes, indeed. Except that it’s not a scientific argument. It claims a false dichotomy; no current scientific explanation for an evolutionary pathway, then that pathway must, by default, have a “design” explanation. And that “design” explanation has no content. There’s no mechanism. There’s no candidate. There’s just wishful thinking.

  13. Alan Fox: no current scientific explanation for an evolutionary pathway, then that pathway must, by default, have a “design” explanation.

    I believe a fair description of Behe’s position is that there must be at least two steps, at least one of which is detrimental, traversed to reach a new, favored sequence.

  14. Noting gpuccio has responded at UD to my OP, let me quote and respond Gpuccio writes:

    It is an argument based on the amazing functional complexity of the ubiquitin system and its strong semiotic nature as a symbolic tagging system. It is an argument for extremely strong design inference, according to the principles of ID theory.

    Well, no. If that’s what you read in to it, that’s fine. The honest conclusion is that as of today, insufficient scientific evidence exists to give a clear, unequivocal pathway for the evolution of the eukaryotic ubiquitin system. That is hardly surprising as its ubiquitous (heh) presence across the board so far in eukaryotes means it was present in the common eukaryote ancestor (good evidence of common descent there!). As Tom Mueller (and you) mentioned, there are indications that the similar PuP (prokaryote ubiquitin-like protein) found in prokaryotes and performing a similar role may be a precursor. As two billion years has elapsed since the first eukaryotes arose no direct evidence survives, we only have their modern descendants to work with. So while evolutionary biologist and biochemists cannot more than propose plausible pathways currently, there are no alternative pathways that I’m aware of being proposed by ID theorists. Please explain how your argument is not as I have understood it and is more than “evolution fails to explain X, therefore design”.

    If your only objection is that it is a God-of-the-gaps arguments, what can I say? I cannot certainly restate here all the basics of ID theory. I thought you could have some better arguments, but if that’s all…

    That is my impression of your exposition on ubiquitin, yes. Prior to reading it, I knew very little about ubiquitin and its role in protein degradation. I don’t know what is currently on the table as detailed evolutionary pathways. I hope others with expertise in the field might chime in.

    But I missed the ID explanation for ubiquitin in your OP. If I missed it, perhaps you could direct me to it.

  15. petrushka: I believe a fair description of Behe’s position is that there must be at least two steps, at least one of which is detrimental, traversed to reach a new, favored sequence.

    OK, thanks for the correction. But following that, what? Therefore design?

  16. Alan Fox: I was pointing out that UD has banned a considerable number and arbitrarily deleted comments, actions which hardly encourage others who are not banned to comment there.

    Yes, in spite of the rules of this site, which are quite unambiguous on the matter:

    Do not use turn this site into as a peanut gallery for observing the antics on other boards.

    Why not, in your OP, just stick to gpuccio’s OP? Is your OP about his OP or is it about UD? If it’s not your intent for this thread to discuss the moderation at UD why bring it up in your OP and invite people to comment on it?

  17. Alan Fox: Why? Because he’ll come up against some criticism of ID?

    No. You know gpuccio is not afraid of criticism of his ideas. So why pretend that he is or may be? It’s really unfair of you. Why the unnecessary motive mongering?

    People here misrepresent the facts. A pattern emerges that suggests it is done willfully.

  18. Mung:
    Why not, in your OP, just stick to gpuccio’s OP? Is your OP about his OP or is it about UD? If it’s not your intent for this thread to discuss the moderation at UD why bring it up in your OP and invite people to comment on it?

    My OP was intending to answer the question often asked in that thread at UD “where are all the critics?” The fact I and others are banned there is one reason there are no critics.

  19. Alan Fox:
    But I missed the ID explanation for ubiquitin in your OP. If I missed it, perhaps you could direct me to it.

    Gotta agree with the TSZ consensus – that “design” is regarded by creationists as the default mechanism for everything. “Weak” creationists are usually willing to concede that solid plausible demonstrated scientifically-based explanations can override the default. “Centrist” creationists regard scientific explanations as elucidations of God’s chosen methods. “Strong” creationists reject the notion that science is even relevant. All flavors of creationists find the presupposition of design proper, basic common sense, differing only in how resistant they are to any alternative explanation.

  20. Behe generally acknowledges the ability of evolution to proceed by single steps. His Edge is new functions that require two steps.

    I suppose people who don’t believe in evolution at all prefer to ignore the fact that Behe accepts 99.9 percent of evolution. You really have to work hard to find anything that crosses he edge.

  21. Mung:
    People here misrepresent the facts. A pattern emerges that suggests it is done willfully.

    I agree! When presented with a body of related facts, the question is who shall be master, me or reality. I vote for me, because reality has an unsavory history of misrepresenting my convictions.

  22. Mung: You know gpuccio is not afraid of criticism of his ideas.

    I got the hint that TSZ is a little too bearpit-like.

    So why pretend that he is or may be? It’s really unfair of you. Why the unnecessary motive mongering?

    Participation here is voluntary. If gpuccio would rather talk over the garden wall, that’s fine.

    People here misrepresent the facts. A pattern emerges that suggests it is done willfully.

    Over the years, I’ve tended to see people with whom I disagree less as caricatures than I used to. I suspect, on a personal level, gpuccio would be a pleasant and interesting guy to spend time with. But there’s politics at the heart of ID vs academia that emphasises the rough edges on both sides.

  23. petrushka: Behe generally acknowledges the ability of evolution to proceed by single steps. His Edge is new functions that require two steps.

    Add meiosis, and the experimentation with recombinant DNA that meiosis allows, and two steps does not seem to be a problem.

  24. Alan Fox: lantog1:
    Will gpuccio be posting over here?

    I wish he would. I had several good interactions with him over there under rodw but now I’m banned.
    If anyone could pass it on, or persuade him to visit I’d say what is essentially said in the OP:

    If IR is a valid idea then any one system, such as the flagellum, is enough to prove the existence of the designer. Trotting out one biological phenomena after another may be informative for many but its superfluous. If IR is not valid then it doesn’t matter how many complex phenomena he describes, it doesn’t help his case.

    In one post he presented a hypothetical scenario of travelling to an uninhabited planet and finding what looked like writing. I think that could have led to a productive discussion.

  25. lantog1,

    What is “IR”?

    Why would one system be proof of anything, when there is no such thing as proof in science. Wouldn’t it actually be strong evidence, and if so wouldn’t multiple such systems be stronger evidence? We might agree that after some point the increment of confidence would be negligible, but is that point one example?

  26. Of course this is where the “design” nonsense gets so bad. Gpuccio:

    Design is not a default. Not at all. It is an empirical explanation, derived from available data and available understanding.

    Just for simplicity, I will briefly sum up the reasoning for the first marker: functional complexity.

    It is universally oberved that the only safe examples of functional complexity are designed objects.

    And there is a specific rationale for that: systems which do not include the intervention fo a conscious intelligent designer cannot harness information towards a specific function, because they can rely only on RV and, if there is reproduction, NS. Those mechanisms have severe limits, and cannot go beyond simple results in generating functional information. IOW,s they can generate simple functional information, but never complex functional information (a general threshold of 500 bits will be more than enough in all cases).

    The only “safe” examples of functional complexity for ID are designed objects. What open minds know is that there is no example of life being designed by humans, apart from slight changes, or the deliberate copying that Venter did (even then he put the DNA into living cytoplasm). And if that ever changes to human designers being able to design life, it won’t have any relevance to what made life in the first place.

    ID always resorts to absurd reductionism to try to make life fit into the category of the “designed.” Then a bunch of blather about information, totally ignoring the fact that life exhibits the limitations of mindless evolutionary processes, not the abilities of intelligence.

    Yes the nested hierarchy. Yes, mammals stuck with the descent of the testes from the basically ancestral position, rather than having them develop where they end up. Or better, simply transferring the testes of birds into mammals so that the testes can stay where they develop. Yes, bird bones that fuse to form larger rigid wing structures, rather than simply beginning with bones that would develop as wholes to begin with (colewd admitted that this points to evolution, and simply had to claim sans evidence that the published evidence was fitted to the model).

    No, it’s not just that they have no evidence that intelligence ever has designed life de novo, there’s quite good reason that intelligence has not affected wild-type life–unless it was a trickster designer who took pains to make sure that such evidence would not be left behind. And if that were true, presumably we would never be able to tell, since God (the only designer they’ve ever cared about) presumably could hide the fact from humans.

    Paley’s standard was at least honest, as he tried to show that life exhibited the effects of an architect or artificer. That would be an intellectually honest analogy of life with designed objects, had he seriously applied it across the board. Today’s IDists use a wholly intellectually dishonest criterion, not looking for what actually is typical of intelligence acting upon designed objects (for example, rampant borrowing from unrelated designed objects), but claiming that functional complexity indicates design regardless of how devoid of intelligent reasoning the resulting complexity actually is.

    But be assured that Gpuccio will not face up to the falsification of any reasonable design hypothesis, nor ever come up with good evidence that life was designed. Resting on the appalling anti-logic of IDists is all that they ever manage to do, because if they do anything else ID becomes completely untenable.

    Glen Davidson

  27. lantog1: If IR is a valid idea then any one system, such as the flagellum, is enough to prove the existence of the designer.

    Well, I disagree there. I don’t accept the concept, to be honest, but there seem two linked refutations: one that IC is not a barrier to evolution (Matzke and the bacterial flagellum, for instance) and two that an irreducibly complex system WRT to living organisms is an incoherent concept.

    Trotting out one biological phenomena after another may be informative for many but its superfluous. If IR is not valid then it doesn’t matter how many complex phenomena he describes, it doesn’t help his case.

    But the essential IC argument is a false dichotomy. Accepting for the sake of argument there were some “irreducibly complex” system for which no evolutionary pathway could be found is merely a state of ignorance. We have no explanation rather than we default to “Design”. The “Design Inference” is just an empty concept.

  28. John Harshman: What is “IR”?

    I meant Irreducibly Complex – IC
    I think if one system could be shown to be IC according to Behe’s definition that would essentially prove the case. Its philosophical hair splitting to say that science never proves anything.

  29. lantog1: I meantIrreducibly Complex– IC
    I think if one system could be shown to be ICaccording to Behe’s definition that would essentially prove the case.Its philosophical hair splitting to say that science never proves anything.

    Thanks for the clarification.

    I think you misunderstand both Behe’s definition of IC and the nature of science. The definition is simple: a system with some function and multiple parts that, if one part is removed, ceases to function. Note that inability to arise through evolution and a need for intelligent design are not part of the definition. And in fact many different, plausible scenarios have been advanced for how IC systems could evolve.

    I also disagree that rejection of the word “proof” is hair-splitting; the word encourages a common creationist misconception.

  30. John Harshman: I think you misunderstand both Behe’s definition of IC and the nature of science. The definition is simple: a system with some function and multiple parts that, if one part is removed, ceases to function. Note that inability to arise through evolution and a need for intelligent design are not part of the definition.

    It’s refreshing to see that you can learn John. Just a few days ago you were saying something quite different.

  31. Alan Fox: Over the years, I’ve tended to see people with whom I disagree less as caricatures than I used to. I suspect, on a personal level, gpuccio would be a pleasant and interesting guy to spend time with.

    In observing gpuccio over the years he appears to be quite the gentleman.

  32. Mung: In observing gpuccio over the years he appears to be quite the gentleman.

    I have debated him on UD. And, yes, I see him as fair minded in debating. Neither of us persuaded the other, but we were able to keep to a calm discussion.

  33. John Harshman:I think you misunderstand both Behe’s definition of IC and the nature of science

    Behe’s goal was always to imply that if a system is IC it couldn’t have evolved and therefore its overwhelmingly likely that it was designed. Hes been forced to qualify that position over the years but I think his goal has remained the same and its what every IDer who recounts some complex system is trying to suggest.

    I think creationist errors are far more substantial than that. In common parlance science does prove things. Hershey and Chase presented strong evidence that DNA rather than protein was the genetic material in the 40s but since then its been proven beyond a doubt.
    Everyone should learn, absorb and understand the reasons why a philosopher of science would say that science cannot prove anything. Its part of rigorous thinking . But we can expand the context of that claim and the same philosopher would say that the only thing we can be certain of is that we ourselves exist. Again, its useful to understand that but not very practical for our day to day lives

  34. Gpuccio writes:

    My “complaint” was that there are many ID critics who do post here (therefore are not banned) and are very active whenever there is some debate about religion, morality, politics and so on, and are very keen on saying in those debates that UD lacks some scientific discourse, and then never comment when a scientific thread is there.

    Well, that presupposes that there is a scientific aspect to ID, which I have yet to see. Also, you post is fairly technical for the layman. It’s difficult for scientists to be polymaths these days, such are the demands in any particular field at the professional level. What is there to say about the science? You have accept the primary research at face value, unless you can repeat experiments or question the methodology or conclusions.

    Of course I understand that if one has been banned he will not comment at my threads.

    Bans don’t just affect the banned individual. It sends a strong signal to other potential contributors. Why bother? Can I trust UD not to trash my comments? And it’s not just ID critics. Sal Cordova? Vincent Torley? Politics matters more than science at UD these days. (Not sure if it wasn’t always so but I’ll give Bill Dembksi the benefit of the doubt).

  35. Mung: It’s refreshing to see that you can learn John. Just a few days ago you were saying something quite different.

    Getting to be about time to put you back on “ignore”. I, for one, didn’t miss you.

  36. lantog1: Behe’s goal was always to imply that if a system is IC it couldn’t have evolved and therefore its overwhelmingly likely that it was designed.

    Yes, that was his goal, but don’t confuse the goal with the definition, The question isn’t necessarily whether ubiquitin is part of an IC system or is IC itself (whatever that would mean). It’s whether ubituitin could evolve, and you should remember that those are different questions.

    I think creationist errors are far more substantial than that.

    Goes without saying. But that’s one error, and it shouldn’t be encouraged.

  37. Gpuccio continues:

    …there are three different markers that are linked to a design origin and therefore allow empirically a design inference (that is the basic concept in ID, and I have discussed it many times in all its aspects).

    Those three features are:

    a) Functional complexity (the one I usually discuss, and which I have quantitatively assessed many times in detail)

    And this is a bogus idea that I’ve rejected many times. Islands of function, indeed! 🙂

    b) Semiosis (which has been abundantly discussed by UB)

    Unconvincingly. RNA world as a plausible precursor rebuts his claim of a chicken-and-egg impasse.

    c) Irreducible complexity

    Some think this has at least enough merit for an argument. We have commenter lantog1 who posted as RodW at UD (until he was banned), saying he had some interesting exchanges with you on that.

    In my OP I have discussed in detail a specific biological system where all those three aspects are present.

    That’s a negative argument for a, b and c. Responses (if allowed as provisionally supported by evidence) are “we can’t explain”.

    Therefore, a system for which a design inference is by far the only reasonable explanation.

    There you go! Check-mate! It is not an explanation, it is an emotional reaction. 🙂

    This is my argument. It is not a god-of-the-gap argument (whatever you mean by that). It is an empirical and scientific argument.

    It is classic god-of-the-gaps.

  38. UD commenter ET writes:

    You have banned at least one person just because he could give as good as he gets.

    Actually, nobody is currently banned at TSZ. Two members are currently suspended due to continued failure to abide by our not-very-onerous rules.

    You made a claim about him and refused to provide anything to back it up. Then you wanted assurances it wouldn’t happen again. What wouldn’t happen again- you never said. And he was exposing you and yours as poseurs. Now you and yours get to comment without regard to facts. You don’t have to face the refutations of your claims. You can just ignore them as you do everything else.

    Are you talking about a friend? A really close friend???

  39. You don’t have to face the refutations of your claims.

    If creationists could face the refutations of their claims then they would not be creationists.

  40. Gpuccio continues:

    It’s not that you don’t understand my argument. You simply don’t understand ID.

    That’s fair. I really don’t. We had Paul Nelson pop in to TSZ recently and he confirmed, in his view, there still is no scientific theory of ID. Where can I find about a scientific theory of “Intelligent Design”?

    ID is about specific empirical markers that are, in all empirical data available, constantly linked to design.

    I don’t understand this.

    Design is not a default. Not at all. It is an empirical explanation, derived from available data and available understanding.

    I know what human design is. I know what environmental design is. What is “Intelligent Design”? What’s the mechanism? How can I observe it?

    Just for simplicity, I will briefly sum up the reasoning for the first marker: functional complexity.

    It is universally oberved that the only safe examples of functional complexity are designed objects.

    Humans design. The environment (the niche) designs. How does the “Intelligent Designer” design? Actually, I can quite imagine some creator of the universe (had she the power to create an utterly deterministic universe) pulling it off in one fell swoop at the beginning and everything else follows. But I digress…

    And there is a specific rationale for that: systems which do not include the intervention fo a conscious intelligent designer cannot harness information towards a specific function, because they can rely only on RV and, if there is reproduction, NS. Those mechanisms have severe limits, and cannot go beyond simple results in generating functional information. IOW,s they can generate simple functional information, but never complex functional information (a general threshold of 500 bits will be more than enough in all cases).

    If ID scientists were testing limits, rather than just you making assertions, that would be something.

    This connection between functional complexity and design is a positive empirical feature. And it has a perfectly understandable rationale, because we know very well that the conscious experiences of understanding meaning and of having purpose can easily overcome the probabilistic barriers implicit in non conscious systems.

    I’m sorry but the best I can say here is this is not scientific.

    Demonstrating that the current dogma of RV + NS cannot do what it is believed to do is part of ID, because of course if that were true ID would be falsified. Like all scientific theories, ID can be falsified, and therefore we have to assess if neo-dariwnism is a valid falsification of ID. Well, it is not.

    Well, there have been no demonstrations of how evolutionary processes fail to achieve results. Or if there have, they’ve passed me by unnoticed.

    But ID is no default to anything. It is a positive and completely rational and completely empirical approach to the problem of functional information.

    But ID makes no testable predictions. It is not an alternative to evolutionary theory. There are just ad hoc arguments asserting why evolutionary explanations are no good. And if evolutionary explanations are no good – Design! Yet you can offer no alternative biological explanation, None! None at all! There is no scientific theory of “Intelligent Design”.

  41. Alan Fox: Are you talking about a friend? A really close friend???

    Does this really close friend still insist that Frequency = Wavelength?

  42. Alan Fox: But ID makes no testable predictions. It is not an alternative to evolutionary theory. There are just ad hoc arguments asserting why evolutionary explanations are no good. And if evolutionary explanations are no good – Design! Yet you can offer no alternative biological explanation, None! None at all! There is no scientific theory of “Intelligent Design”.

    There is no scientific theory of evolution. If there was, you could provide a link to it.

    Oops, the devilish toaster repair man made me say it. 🙂

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